Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their outstanding resistance to fouling, chemical stability, and physical strength. Evaluating the performance

Membrane Aerated Bioreactors (MABRs) provide a sustainable alternative for the challenges of modern wastewater treatment. These systems utilize advanced membrane filtration to effectively remove pollutants from wastewater, resulting in a higher quality effluent discharge. In addition to these advantages, they are more energy-efficient compared to